Giant Hawaiian Landslides by J. Moore et.al, 1994

In their study, Giant Hawaiian Landslides (Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, 1994), J. Moore, et. al., document dozens of major landslides that have recently been discovered on the flanks of the Hawaiian Ridge.

They are among the largest on Earth, attaining lengths greater than 200 km [120 miles] and volumes of several thousand cubic kilometers.

The authors write that rapid movement of some of the submarine debris avalanches "is indicated by the fact that some have moved uphill for tens of kilometers, and are believed to have produced major tsunamis.

Adapted from Figure 2-2 of Volcanoes in Human History, showing the extent of submarine landslides resulting from gravitational collapse of large segments of volcanoes.